Tape 12- Minerals

48. Describe the basic layout of any atom using the basic particles, their characteristics and their arrangement in the atom

49. What is an element? (pp 24-25)

50.  Describe the geologically important ways in which atoms make bonds (pp 25-28)

51. Define mineral and rock. Explain why "mineral" and "rock" are not the same term. What characteristics make them
      different?  Not all rocks are composed of minerals. Give two examples of rocks that contain no minerals.
      Give two examples of rocks that contain only one mineral (p 23)

52. Explain the difference between classifying minerals chemically (groups) and identifying them using physical
      properties (pp 28-38)

53. List the major elements that combine to form 98% of the materials in the crust (p. 32)

54. Discuss silicates. What is their basic structure? How is this structure linked to form silicate minerals?
      (pp 31-37)

Tape 14 - Intrusive Igneous Rocks

55. Offer three reasons why igneous rocks are called primary rocks (Instructor)

56.  What does Bowen’s reaction series tell us about igneous minerals and rocks? (pp. 49-52)

57. Explain how a single magma can give rise to rocks of felsic. intermediate and mafic composition.
      (pp. 44-45, 48-52, 53-58)

58. Name the three basic igneous rock textures and discuss the factors that determine where and why they occur
      (pp. 45-48)

59. Explain the importance of granite and basalt (pp. 53 and 57)

60.  How, where and why does magma originate? What are the tectonic processes involved?  (pp 85-91)

61.  Compare and contrast a sill, dike, laccolith, stock and a bathohith (pp 82-85)
 
 

 Tape 13 - Vulcanism

63. Explain the relationship hetween volcanism and plate tectonics. (pp. 85, 87—91)

64. What factors control the viscosity of a lava? (pp. 65-69)

65. Describe, compare and contrast the shape, internal structure and lava characteristics
      (including composition, temperature and viscosity) of plateau basalts, shield and composite
      volcanoes, plug domes and cinder cones. (pp. 71-81)

66.  Compare quiet and explosive eruptions. What are the factors that cause them to be different?
       (pp. 65-71)

67. Explain how volcanic eruptions affect climate and the atmosphere. (p. 90)
 

Tape 15 - Weathering and Soils

68. What are the major agents, processes and products of mechanical (physical) weathering? (pp. 95-97)

69. What are the major agents processes and products of chemical weathering? (pp. 97-99)

70. Explain why the minerals formed early in Bowen’s reaction series are also most susceptible
      to weathering. (p. 99)

71. List the major physical components of a soil and explain their role in supporting plant life.
      (pp. 100-102)

72.  Discuss the factors that control soil formation (be sure to focus on the importance of climate).
       (pp. 102-104)

73.  Describe the development of a soil profile. (pp. 104-106)

74. Describe the main types of soils. (pp. 106-107)
 

Tape 17 - Sedimentary Rocks

75. Describe how sediment becomes a sedimentary rock. (pp. 114-1 15, 123-124)

76. Explain the basis of the classification of sedimentary rocks. (pp. 115-123,124-126)

77. Name the three most common sedimentary rocks. What are their relative abundances and why?
      (pp. 116-117, 120-122, Instructor)

78. Sedimentary rocks may contain cross beds, graded beds, mudcracks, ripplemarks and/or fossils.
      Describe how these features can be used to interpret their environments of formation. (pp. 126-130)

79. Describe all he different possible origins of limestones. (pp. 120-122)

80. Define sedimentary rocks and identify what makes them important to us. (pp. 114-115)
 

Tape 18 - Metamorphic Rocks

81.  Discuss the conditions involved in the mctamorphism of a pre-existing rock. Discuss the agents and the
       actual changes that take place in the rock (pp. 139-142)

82.  Name and briefly describe the principal types of metamorphism? Where do they occur most commonly?
       Relate them to plate tectonics if possible (p 139. pp 147-151)

83.  Describe step by step, how a shale might evolve into a gneiss. (pp 142—144)

84.  Diagram the rock cycle to show the relationship between the three rock types (pp 16-1 8)
 

Tape 10 - Geologic Time & Tape 11 - Evolution Through Time

85.  What is the significance of Hutton’s concept of Uniformitarianism’? How did it change how we interpret
       the Earth’s history ? How has the concept itself changed over time? (pp 2-6. 371)

86.  Describe the difference between absolute and relative time (pp. 372-382)

87.  List the methods that arc used to establish a sequence of events in a local sequence (pp 372-382)

88.  Explain the significance of fossils to a geologist (at least 4 uses); include the use of fossils in establishing
       a relative time scale, and for correlation (pp 377-382)

89.  Explain how radioactive isotopes are used to figure out absolute time. How are absolute dates used in the
       time sequence? (pp 382-387)

90.  Explain how the geologic time scale has been constructed. What are the major eras of the Phanerozoic Eon
       based upon? (pp 387-388)
91. List the relative sequence of events as shown in the block diagram below. (pp. 375, 378, 392)

The relative sequence of events in this block diagram can be determined by using the principles of relative time. Please write the sequence below using the letters for the different Rock Units, starting with the oldest event.

 ROCK UNITS                                                                               AGE SEQUENCE
A. Igneous (intrusive)                                                              Youngest  ____________
B. Sedimentary                                                                                         ____________
C. Igneous (intrusive)                                                                               ____________
D. Metamorphic                                                                                       ____________
F. Sedimentary                                                                                         ____________
F. Volcanic                                                                                              ____________
G. Sediments                                                                                            ____________
H. Sediments (same age as BH igneous/intrusive)                                   ____________
I.   Igneous (intrusive)                                                                              ____________
J.  Sedimentary (the little wedge on top of F, below AH           Oldest   ____________