Which of the following would NOT apply to the DEFINITION of a mineral?
 a. inorganic  b. solid   c. having fixed physical properties  d. having a definite chemistry     e. they all apply
 
The most abundant element in the earth's crust is
 a. iron  b. helium  c. carbon  d. oxygen e. none of the above.

Which of the following is not a mineral?
a. quartz  b. diamond  c. graphite  d. coal  e. calcite

Cleavage is:
a. resistance to scratching     b. the color of the powder of a mineral    c. whether it shines like a  metal or not
d. when a mineral breaks into shiny flat surfaces    e. none of these

Hardness is:
a. resistance to scratching     b. the color of the powder of a mineral    c. whether it shines like a  metal or not
d. when a mineral breaks into shiny flat parallel surfaces    e. none of these
 
The most important rock-forming group of minerals is:
a. oxides  b. clays  c. organic  d. silicates  e. quartz.

ROCKS
A naturally occuring solid part of the lithosphere is a:
a.  rock  b. molecule   c. mineral  d. element  e. compound

Rocks are classified into major groups based on their:
a. color  b. hardness  c. their location on the earth    d. the way in which they form  e. their elements

Which group of rocks is most commonly encountered at the earth's SURFACE?
 a. intrusive igneous   b. extrusive igneous      c. metamorphic    d. sedimentary   e. none is more  common than the others

Rocks that have been formed at depth from the cooling of molten materials are classified as:
 a. igneous  b. metamorphic  c. sedimentary  d. extrusive   e. surficial.

Rocks that have been formed at the surface from the cooling of molten materials are classified as:
 a. igneous  b. metamorphic  c. sedimentary  d. extrusive   e. surficial.

Rocks that have been altered at depth by heat, pressure and chemical action are classified as:
a. igneous  b. metamorphic  c. sedimentary  d. extrusive      e. granites

Rocks that have been compacted and cemented at the surface, mostly from other rocks are classified as:
 a. igneous     b. metamorphic     c. sedimentary     d. extrusive    e. granites.

IGNEOUS ROCKS
In an igneous rock, crystal size is mostly dependent on the _________ of the molten material:
a. viscosity  b. aluminum content  c. temperature      d. cooling time  e. gas content.

Which of the following  igneous rocks is iron-rich, high density and finely crystalline?
a. marble  b. basalt  c. granite  d. obsidian  e. shale

Which of the following igneous rocks is differentiated, less dense, has large crystals and is associated  with continents ?
 a. granite   b. basalt    c. gabbro    d. sand     e. sandstone

If  lavas were being continuously extruded during differentiation they would become increasingly:
a. iron-rich     b. fluid      c. aluminum-rich      d. magnesium rich     e. hotter.

Volcanos which erupt  explosively and violently are:
a. shield volcanos  b. characterized by low viscosity lavas  c. found in Hawaii   d. characterized by high viscosity lavas  e. all of these

Volcanos are important to man because they are the source of (among others):
a. the atmosphere and oceans  b. the magnetic field    c. plate tectonics  d. the gravitational field     e. all the above

Which of the following volcanos will be richest in ash?
a. shield volcanos  b. characterized by low viscosity lavas  c. found in Hawaii   d. characterized by high viscosity lavas  e. all of these

Which of the following volcanos will be generally have steeper slopes?
a. shield volcanos  b. characterized by low viscosity lavas  c. found in Hawaii   d. characterized by high viscosity lavas  e. all of these

What controls the viscosity of a lava?
a. slope and ash content     b. violence     c. temperature and composition     d. temperature and pressure
e. all of these

The largest type of intrusive igneous rock body is a:
a. sill  b. laccolith  c. stock  d. batholith (cooled magma pool)  e. dike.
 
WEATHERING
Which of the following is the most common product of  all weathering?
 a. clay    b. sand     c. dissolved lime    d. oxides     e. they are about evenly distributed

The main difference between sediment and weathering products is that regolith has:
a. more clay  b. more sand  c. not moved  d. more oxides      e. in all these ways

The main difference between sediment and weathering products is that sediment has:
a. more clay  b. more sand  c. moved  d. more oxides      e. in all these ways

By far the most common physical (=mechanical) weathering product is:
a. clays  b. sand  c. rock fragments  d. dissolved ions    e. oxides.

The most common constituent in a soil is:
a. sand  b. clay  c. oxides  d. aluminum  e. rock fragments.

Soils are mainly products of:
 a. erosion    b. stream processes   c. chemical weathering      d. sedimentation processes   e. transport

Chemical weathering:
a. occurs at depth  b. moves materials downhill    c. decomposes materials  d. decreases the size of  materials
e. occurs rapidly in the arctic

What is the product of erosion?
a. igneous rock  b. sedimentary rock  c. sediment     d. regolith  e. crystallization.

Which erosional process is important because it moves sediments downhill under their own weight and makes them available to streams?
a. mass wasting in the form of creep    b. streams      c. ground water      d. glaciers       e. wind

Most erosion and transport in this world is done by?
a. mass wasting in the form of creep    b. streams      c. ground water      d. glaciers       e. wind

Which of the following is not a sedimentary rock?
a. sandstone  b. shale  c. limestone  d. slate  e. coal
 
Which of the following makes up about half of all sedimentary rocks?
 a. sandstone      b. shale     c. limestone    d. conglomerate     e. concrete

Sediments ultimately wind up in (at):
a. continental interiors   b. mid-ocean ridges    c. the edge of the continents  d. mountain ranges  in continents
e. both a and d

 Fossils are commonly found in _________ rocks.
 a. igneous    b. intrusive     c. metamorphic      d.extrusive     e. sedimentary

One difference between igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks is that igneous materials have been:
 a. moved     b. realigned     c. cemented    d.  melted     e. none of these
 
Chemically derived sediments will MAINLY form:
 a. limestones   b. shales   c. rock salt   d. basalts   e. oxides.

Sediments ultimately wind up in (at):
 a. continental interiors   b. mid-ocean ridges    c. the edge of the continents  d. mountain ranges  in continents e. both a and d

Given a. metamorphic rocks       b. clastic sedimentary Rx     c. organic sedimentary rx
d. chemical sedimentary rx   e. igneous rx  What is:
shale
sandstone
coquina
rock salt
quartzite
pure limestone
fossiliferous limestone
coal marble
basalt 
slate
schist
gneiss
granite

Which sedimentary rock makes up some 50% of all sed rx?
a. limestone     b. sandstone    c. shale    d. conglomerate     e. rock salt

Which sedimentary rock makes up some 20% of all sed rx?
a. limestone     b. sandstone    c. shale    d. conglomerate     e. rock salt